Asociación del hábito de fumar con la periodontitis crónica y la artritis reumatoide / Association of smoking with chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis

Introducción: Porphyromonas gingivalis es un microorganismo presente en las periodontitis, productor de la enzima peptidil arginina desminasa, inductora de la citrulinación de proteínas que convierte en antígenos, y que son reconocidos por los anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinados, marcadores específicos de la artritis reumatoide. Estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos relacionan el hábito de fumar con la periodontitis y la artritis reumatoide. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el hábito de fumar, la periodontitis crónica y la artritis reumatoide. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, de casos y controles de pacientes con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide tratados en el Centro de Reumatología y pacientes atendidos por medicina interna en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico 10 de octubre de La Habana, en el periodo entre septiembre del 2017 y mayo del 2019. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, hábito de fumar y estado periodontal evaluado a través del índice de enfermedad periodontal de Russell y el nivel de inserción clínica. Para identificar la asociación entre variables se empleó la prueba de ji al cuadrado y el odds ratio. Se respetaron las legislaciones éticas. Resultados: En el estudio prevaleció el grupo de 35 a 44 años y el sexo femenino. El hábito de fumar predominó en los pacientes artríticos, con manifiesto incremento de la prevalencia y gravedad de la enfermedad periodontal. Conclusiones: El hábito de fumar incrementó el riesgo de periodontitis crónica en ambos grupos, y con menos intensidad de riesgo en la artritis reumatoide.

Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis is a microorganism present in periodontitis, producer of the enzyme peptidyl arginine deminase that induces citrullination of proteins, turning them into antigens, which are recognized by anti-citrullinated cyclic peptide antibodies, specific markers of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and epidemiological studies link smoking with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: To evaluate the association between smoking, the presence of chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study of cases and controls of patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis treated at the Rheumatology Center and patients treated by Internal Medicine in 10 de Octubre Surgical- Clinic Hospital in Havana, between September 2017 and May 2019. The variables were: age, sex, smoking habit and periodontal status evaluated through the Russell Periodontal Disease Index and Level of Clinical Insertion. For the association and relationship between variables, the chi square and the odds ratio were used. Ethical legislation was respected. Results: In the study the group of 35 to 44 years old and the female sex prevailed. Smoking prevailed in arthritic patients with a remarkable increase in the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. Conclusions: Smoking increased the risk of chronic periodontitis in both groups with less intensity of risk in rheumatoid arthritis.

Periodontal health status of adolescents aged 15 years in Jinju city / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of adolescents aged 15 years in Jinju city. METHODS: The study subjects were 506 adolescents aged 15 years in Jinju city. We investigated the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) recommended by the WHO. Data on the frequency of daily tooth-brushing were collected through self-reported questionnaires. The information obtained on both the periodontal health status and frequency of daily toothbrushing of adolescents in Jinju city was compared with the data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2015 (KNHANES-VI). The software utilized in the analysis was SPSS version 23. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The rate of healthy periodontal status in Jinju city was lower compared to KNHANES-VI (57.7% versus 63.7%). The rate of gingival bleeding in Jinju city and KNHANES-VI was 11.3% and 10.8%, respectively. The rate of calculus in Jinju city and KNHANES-VI was 31.0% and 25.6%, respectively. The rates of gingival bleeding and calculus were not significantly different between Jinju city and KNHANES-VI. The healthy periodontal segments in Jinju city were more than those in KNHANES-VI (5.43 versus 5.25). The bleeding periodontal segments in Jinju city were less than those in KNHANES-VI (0.25 versus 0.45). However, the periodontal segments with calculus in Jinju city were not significantly different from those of KNHANES-VI (0.31 versus 0.30). The frequency of daily tooth-brushing in Jinju city was more than that in KNHANES-VI (2.67 versus 2.47). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that appropriate oral health education should be widely conducted to promote periodontal health in adolescents.

Restauración post-endodoncia y condición social como factor de preservación dentaria: parte 2 / Post-endodontic restoration and social condition asa factor of tooth preservation. Part 2

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el estado dental de piezas endodonciadas en correlación conlas variables de restauración coronaria, estado periodontal, nivel de estudio, condición laboral y acceso a servicios odontológicos. Para ello, se analizó una población de individuos compuesta por sujetos concurrentes a los cursos de posgrado de Endodoncia, del Círculo Odontológico de Córdoba, y al servicio de la Cátedra “B” de Endodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Se hicieron tratamientos controlados durante dieciocho meses. La muestra total la conformaron 144 pacientes y se trataron 174 casos. El estudio mostró 37 casos con restauración coronaria definitiva sin fracturas, 52 dientes sin restauración, 21 con fracturas y 1 se perdió. De los dientes restaurados, el55,6 por ciento mostraron periodonto normal; 22,2 por ciento gingivitis, y 22 por ciento periodontitis leve. De los dientes sin restauración, el 3,9 por ciento mostraron periodonto normal; 7,8 por ciento gingivitis; 31,4 por ciento periodontitis leve; 35,3 por ciento periodontitis grave y 21,6 por ciento periodontitis complicada. De los dientes fracturados, el 16,7 por ciento mostraron periodonto normal o gingivitis; 35,3 por ciento periodontitis leve y grave, y un 72,7 por ciento periodontitis complicada. No se demostró asociación entre nivel de estudios, condición laboral y tipo de atención con fracturas de los pacientes, pero los porcentajes sugieren más probabilidad de sufrir fractura en los pacientes de la asistencia pública. El elevado porcentaje de inasistencia a control motivó un análisis específico, del cual se pudo concluir que cuanto más grave la patología periodontal, mayor el porcentaje de inasistencia. El estudio permitió observar desigualdad en el acceso a los servicios odontológicos, dientes no rehabilitados y con compromiso periodontal.

The aim of this study was to know the dental state of endodontic pieces in correlation with different variables such as coronary restoration, periodontic condition, level of study, employment status and access to dental services. A population composed of patients treated in two different postgraduate courses at the Círculo Odontológico de Córdoba and Chair “B” of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry,National University of Córdoba were analyzed. Treatments were clinically and radiographicallycontrolled for eighteen months. The total sample included 144 patients and 174 treatments. The studyshowed 37 cases with definitive coronary restoration without fractures, 52 teeth without restoration,21 with fractures, and 1 was lost. From restored teeth, 55.6% showed normal periodontium, 22.2%gingivitis, and 22% mild periodontitis. From teeth without restoration, 3.9% showed normalperiodontitis, 7.8% gingivitis, 31.4% mild periodontitis, 35.3% severe periodontitis and 21.6%complicated periodontitis. From fractured teeth, 16.7% showed normal periodontitis or gingivitis, 35.3% had mild and severe periodontitis, and 72.7% had complicated periodontitis. There has beenno correlation between level of education, work status, and kind of service on patient with fractures,but the percentage suggest that patients in public assistance are more likely to suffer fracture. The highpercentage of non-attendance to control led to a specific analysis, from which it is possible to concludedthat the more severe the periodontal disease, the greater the percentage of non-attendance. The study showed inequality in access to dental services, un rehabilitated teeth and with periodontal compromise.

Comparation of periodontal health of patients treated by the invisalign system with those treated by fixed orthodontic appliance / 实用口腔医学杂志

60 cases(aged 18-40 years) underwent orthodontic treatment were divided into 2 groups.30 patients in group A were treated with invisible aligners,while 30 in group B with fixed orthodontic appliance.Periodontal indices (PI,GI,SBI,PD)were examined before treatment,6 weekes,6 months and 12 months after treatment.Before and 6 weeks after treatment the indices were not statistically different between groups,6 and 12 months after treatment the indices of group A were lower than those of group B (P ＜ 0.05).The invisalign appliance is more propitious to periodontal health than the fixed orthodontic appliance.

Evaluation of Periodontal Status among Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women- A Comparative Study.

Background: The aim of the study was to compare the periodontal status among pre menopausal and post menopausal women. Methods: A total population of 100 women of age group 45-55 years visiting the Department of Periodontology,VMSDC, Salem, were taken and divided into two groups-pre and postmenopausal. All patients were evaluated for plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD),and clinical attachment loss(CAL). Results: The prevalence of periodontitis was significantly greater among postmenopausal women than among premenopausal women. Statistical analysis of data were carried out using mean ± standard deviation (SD), p – value, t – test between two groups; premenopausal and postmenopausal. For PI, GI, PPD and CAL, we found a highly significant difference p< 0.001 between two groups. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women had a greater chance of having periodontitis than premenopausal women.

Survival of Restored Endodontically Treated Teeth in Relation to Periodontal Status

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the success and survival of restored endodontically treated teeth (ETT) in a general practice environment related to periodontal parameters. Data from 360 restored ETT treated between 2000 and 2011 were collected. Dates of interventions like restorations, repairs, replacements and extractions were recorded. Additionally, general information about patients and dentitions as well as periodontal status was recorded. Success was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier statistics and a multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to assess variables influencing success and survival. After a mean observation time of 4.34 years (range 0.6 - 11.6 years), 19 teeth were extracted and 27 restorations needed repair or replacement. According to the Cox regression, increasing maximum pocket depth of the tooth resulted in a higher risk for failure (p=0.012). In conclusion, periodontal pocket depth was found to be a significant factor in the survival of restored ETT.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a taxa de sucesso e de sobrevivência de dentes restaurados e tratados endodonticamente (DTE) em uma clínica privada e relacionar com índices periodontais. Dados de 360 restaurações realizadas em DTE realizadas entre 2000 e 2011 foram coletados. As datas das intervenções, como restaurações, reparos, substituições e extrações foram registradas. Ainda, informações gerais relacionadas aos pacientes, aos dentes envolvidos e ao estado periodontal foram também coletadas. A taxa de sucesso foi analisada utilizando o método estatístico Kaplan-Meier e uma análise multivariada do tipo regressão de Cox foi realizada para avaliar variáveis que influenciaram na taxa de sucesso e de sobrevivência. Depois de um período de observação médio de 4,34 anos (0,6-11,6 anos), 19 dentes foram extraídos e 27 restaurações precisaram de reparo ou substituição. De acordo com a regressão de Cox, o aumento na profundidade de bolsa periodontal do dente resulta em um maior risco de falha (p=0,012). Em conclusão, a profundidade de bolsa periodontal foi considerada como um fator significativo na sobrevivência de dentes restaurados e tratados endodonticamente.

Periodontal status among tibetan refugees residing in jodhpur city

AIM: The present study is an attempt to evaluate the periodontal characteristics of this Tibetan refugee population and discuss possible oral health promotion activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 124 Tibetan were examined for the periodontal status using CPI and LOA index in Tibetan refugee camps in Jodhpur city, Rajasthan. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of periodontal disease among Tibetan refugees was 69%. Majority of the study participants {253(34%)} had CPI score 2. Periodontal status in Tibetan refugees is significantly (p≤0.05) associated with age group. Majority of study participants 232(32%) had LOA score 0. CONCLUSION: As age increases the periodontal diseases increases among study participants. There is significant association between age groups and periodontal status of Tibetan refugees.

Clinical Assessment of Periodontal Status in Patients on Long Term Corticosteroid Therapy.

Corticosteroids (Cs) are used widely for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However their long-term administration may lead to impaired periodontal health. The aim of the present study was to clinically assess the periodontal status in patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy. Periodontal health of 100 patients under long-term corticosteroid therapy for a minimum of 6 months duration was compared with sex- and age-matched 100 healthy controls. The periodontal examination included measuring oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The results showed that mean values of OHI-S, GI and SBI did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between cases and controls. Mean PPD and CAL was significantly higher in cases when compared to the controls (p = 0.0003). Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that there is a positive correlation between periodontal status and long term steroid therapy.

Periodontal Health Status of Pregnant Women Attending Various Government Hospitals in Faridabad City, Haryana, India.

Aims: The aim of the present study was to find out the periodontal health status among pregnant women attending various government hospitals in Faridabad city. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross sectional single study carried on 800 pregnant women attending various government hospitals in Faridabad city, Haryana. The format consisted of a questionnaire to assess the demographic profile, type of diet, trimester, number of pregnancies, and medical complications if any, perceived oral health problems, oral hygiene attitudes, oral hygiene practices and visit to dentist. The type III clinical examination of all the subjects was done by a single examiner using Plane mouth mirrors and CPITN probe within the Gynaecology section of the hospitals. Periodontal health status was assessed by Community Periodontal index and Loss of attachment index. Results: Mean age of study participants was 24.53±4.23. More subjects were in third trimester (62.96%). A highest CPI score 2 was found among 53% subjects, where as score 3 was seen among 44.25% and score 4, among 2.75% subjects. Mean number of sextants recorded with CPI score of 2 were 4.06. 78.5% subjects used toothbrush and 81.25% toothpaste for oral hygiene maintenance. Conclusion: Overall prevalence of periodontitis was 47% and increased with poor oral hygiene practices, thus requiring the necessity of interventions and preventions.

Assessment of periodontal status among dental fluorosis subjects using community periodontal index of treatment needs.

Aim: To determine the periodontal status and treatment needs among dental fluorosis subjects residing in Ennore, Chennai, using Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Materials and Methods: All the subjects with dental fluorosis above 15 years of age, permanent residents of Ennore, were included in the study. Subjects with known systemic diseases and subjects with other intrinsic dental stains were excluded from the study. Periodontal status was estimated using CPITN and Dental fluorosis was recorded using Dean's Dental Fluorosis Index. Results: The total number of study subjects was 1075, of which 489 were males and 586 were females. Males were predominantly affected with periodontal disease than females. This was found to be statistically significant (P=0.000). The association between Degree of Fluorosis and Periodontal Status is statistically significant (P=0.000). There was statistically significant difference in mean number of sextants between the degree of fluorosis in each of the periodontal status (P=0.000). Conclusion: The finding that the lower prevalence of shallow pockets in the study area, where the fluoride level in the drinking water ranges from 1.83 to 2.01 ppm, indicates that the use of fluoride in water is beneficial to the periodontal tissues.

Effects of lower third molar removal on attachment level and alveolar bone height of the adjacent second molar

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status distal to the adjacent second molar following the extraction of a partially or fully impacted mandibular third molar at Klinik Pergigian Pakar Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (KPPHUSM) from April of 2008 until June of 2008.This was a prospective study which involved the clinical and radiological study of patients. In this study, convenience sampling method had been used. The sample size was 22 patients aged 18-32 years old with inclusion criteria. The outcomes measured in this study were periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and alveolar bone height (ABH). Subjects were examined at distal surface (disto-buccal, mid-distal and disto-lingual) of second molar for PPD and CAL before and 3 months after the impacted adjacent lower third molar extraction. OPG was taken each before and after the third molar removal. These data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and Wilcoxon-signed-ranks test was used to compare the PPD, CAL and ABH pre and post operatively. All the results were not significant with p >0.05. For PPD, median = 3mm pre and post extraction. CAL median= 2mm pre and post operatively and ABH median of 3.10mm (before) and 2.8mm (after) the third molar removal. From our study, we concluded that there were no significant changes of PPD, CAL and ABH at distal side of second molar after 3 months of the adjacent impacted lower third molar removal.

The relationship between smoking and periodontal status

Objective: this study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between smoking and periodontal status in a selected Malaysian population. The sample for this cross-sectional study involved 39 subjects who were smokers. Each subject was required to answer the guided questionnaire followed by clinical examination. The questionnaires had 11 questions and were set in English and Bahasa Melayu. Basically, the questionnaire consisted of 3 sections: socio-demographic data, smoking status and subject's knowledge on periodontal health. The clinical parameters used in this study were: Community Periodontal Index, Visible Plaque score, Gingival Bleeding Index and Calculus Surface Index. Results showed that out of 39 subjects, 28 subjects (71.8%) were current smokers, followed by 6 subjects (15.4%) and 5 subjects (12.8%) who were former and who never smoked respectively. From the 216 sextants examined, 42 sextants (19.4%) were healthy gingival, 127 sextants (58.8%) suffered from gingivitis and 47 (21.8%) sextants suffered from periodontitis. There were positive relationships between smoking and periodontal status.

A study on the periodontal status of second molar adjacent third molar / 대한치주과학회지

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the third molar and periodontal status of the adjacent second molar. Fifty patients who had four maxillary and mandibular second molars were consecutively selected for the study subjects. The subjects provided a total of 200 molars, i.e., 100 maxillary and 100 mandibular molars, and classified the groups as follows; third molars that are normally erupted are control group, that are impacted are test 1 group, that are simply extracted are test 2 group, that are surgically extracted are test 3 group. Probing depth, plaque index, gingival index and mobility were measured. The results were as follows. 1. In mesial probing depth, there was no significantly difference. In distal probing depth, there was a significantly difference between control group and test 1 & 3 group in maxilla and between control & test 2 group and test 1& 3 group in mandible(p<0.05). 2. In buccal probing depth, there was a significantly difference between test 2 group and test 3 group in mandible. In lingual probing depth, there was a significantly difference between control group and test 1 & 3 group in mandible(p<0.05). 3. In plaque index, there was a significantly difference between test 1 group and test 2 group in maxilla, between test 1 group and control & test 2 group in mandible(p<0.05). 4. In gingival index, there was a significantly difference between control group and test 1 & 3 group in mandible. In mobility, there was no significantly difference(p<0.05). As a result of this study, the second molars adjacent to the third molars that are impacted or surgically extracted had poor prognosis, so impacted third molars should be extracted in early time and the second molars are actively treated for periodontal health.

Periodontal Status of Chronic Renal Failure Patients Receiving Hemodialysis

Host factors such as systemic diseases, genetic polymorphism or drug usage play a major role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease by modifying the host response to periodontal infection or altering the susceptibility to infection by periodontal organisms. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical response of patients receiving hemodialysis to existing microbial dental plaque. Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI) scores and probing depths (PD) were recorded for the entire dentition on 36 chronic renal failure patients receiving hemodialysis (H) and 36 systemically healthy individuals (C), matched with the patient group, based on age and extent of plaque accumulation. No statistically significant difference was observed in the clinical parameters between the two groups (PI: t=1.69 p= 0.096; GI: t=1.057 p=0.294; PD: t=0.01 p=0.99). In the present study, H patients revealed a similar response to existing bacterial plaque and their periodontal status was comparable to that of the control group. Although patients receiving hemodialysis have been suggested to present a certain degree of immunosuppression, based on the findings of the present study chronic renal failure does not seem to be an additional risk factor for more severe periodontal destruction.

The effect of third molar extraction on the periodontal status of the adjacent second molar / 대한치주과학회지

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of third molar extraction on the periodontal status of the adjacent second molar. A total of 61 second molars in 31 adult periodontitis patients were examined. Among them, 27 second molars without adjacent third molars were included in the test group, and 34 second molars with third molar were included in the control group. Clinical parameters including plaque index, gingival index, and pocket depth and radiographic bone loss were measured around the second molar both in test and control group. The result showed that: (1) the mean plaque index and gingival index of control group were higher than these of the test group but the difference was not statistically significant, (2) the mean pocket depth of the control group was higher than the test group significantly at distal and buccal surface, (3) radiographic bone loss was greater in control group than test group significantly, (4) in Pearson correlation analysis between the age of extraction and radiographic bone loss in the test group, a positive relationship was shown(p<0.01). Within limitation of this study, it may be concluded that third molar extraction in periodontitis patients showed an improvement in periodontal status in contrast the patients group having third molar, therefore earlier a removal of third molar may minimize radiographic bone loss of the adjacent second molar.

EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON PERIODONTAL STATUS / 대한치주과학회지

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking levels and periodontal status. 199 subjects, consisting of male 127 and female 72, classified by smoking levels and duration were selected: Patients who had smoked for more than 20 cigarettes/day were considered heavy smokers, 10 to 19, moderate smokers ; 1- 9, light smokers; 0, non-smoker. And smokers were divided into ones who had smoked for more than 20 years, 10-19 years, less than 10 years and non-smokers. Heavy smokers and moderate smokers showed significantly greater pocket depths, less clinical attachment levels, more molar furcation involvements, greater alveolar bone loss and higher scores of plaque index than light smokers and non-smokers, (p < 0.05). When the duration of smoking was considered as a factor, scores of clinical parameters were worse and alveolar bone loss were significantly greater in long-term smokers, who had smoked for more than 20 years. In conclusion, cigarette smoking is associated with periodontal status.